Addendum to “Fundamental” Particle Structures: Aspects of Particle Structure that Result in the Phenomenon of Electric Charge
If we assume that the structure hypothesis is valid, can we gain any other insights into the nature of particles, using it?
The first obvious thing about the neutrino structure hypothesis is that 3 linearly bonded neutrinos constitute a particle with a negative charge, while 3 linearly bonded anti-neutrinos constitute a particle with a positive charge. The quarks have assigned fractional charges. Is it possible that quarks possess the charges they do because the quarks are bound in such a way to produce neutrino or anti-neutrino triplets, and that these triplets are actually what cause the phenomenon of electric charge?
This (like the neutrino structure hypothesis) is actually a
testable hypothesis! Amongst the many
particles that have been discovered, there are some weird ones that possess
multiple charges. For example, the particle, built of 3 up quarks, has a charge
of +2. So, the question is, can we
combine three hypothetical up quark structures ( a-a-n, or a-n-a) in such a way
that two anti-neutrino triplets (one for each positive charge) are produced. And, if we can find the up quark structure
that works for the
,
will it work for all other particles?
There is no possible way that three a-n-a particles could form 2 anti-neutrino triplets. But, if the neutrinos in quarks are allowed to have not just two, but three neighbors, then the ring structure built of 3 up quarks using the a-a-n form can be:
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This produces two anti-neutrino triplets. If we now assume that a-a-n is the absolute
configuration of the up quark, because it works in the particle, we can assign absolute
configurations to the other quarks as well.
a-a-n (presumably) is the up quark structure, so its anti-particle must
be n-n-a. Since the down quark is also
built from two neutrinos and one anti-neutrino, its structure must be n-a-n,
and so the anti-down quark structure must be a-n-a.
Now, let’s test to see if these absolute quark structures
that accidentally worked for the particle accurately predict the charges for
all other particles. Strange and charm
quarks are here (again) considered to be high-energy versions of the up and
down quarks. Structures will be based on
the 6-member ring that worked for the
particle.
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So the mesons all conform to the charge and structure
hypothesis. The neutral and D mesons both have neutrino triplets,
suggesting a negative charge, but they also have anti-neutrino triplets
producing a positive charge to cancel the negative one. Now, let’s see if the baryons conform.
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figure 8b
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There is a possible structure for these baryons that gives an anti-neutrino triplet, but there is also a possible structure that gives a neutrino triplet. Presumably, these charged versions cancel each other out.
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figure 8c |
figure 8d |
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There is a possible structure for the proton and the that gives a neutrino triplet. But, the only way this can occur also
produces an anti-neutrino triplet (or actually, quadruplet):
figure 10
A neutrino triplet can also form a possible structure for
the particle, but again, there is a counter
anti-neutrino triplet in the structure (or, here again, a quadruplet):
figure 11
So, the charge rules appear to be that:
1) If you cannot form a triplet of either neutrinos or anti-neutrinos, the particle will have no charge.
2) If an anti-neutrino triplet can form where there is no counter neutrino triplet, the particle will have a positive charge.
3) If a neutrino triplet can form, but there is no counter anti-neutrino triplet, the particle will have a negative charge.
4) If a neutrino triplet can form, but an equal number of counter anti -neutrino triplets can form, the particle will be neutral.
5) If there is a possible structure that gives a neutrino triplet, but, the same structure has an anti-neutrino quadruplet, the particle will have a positive charge.. Whenever this is the case, there is always an alternate possible structure with an anti=neutrino triplet, but no neutrino triplet.
6) If there is a possible structure that gives an anti-neutrino triplet, but, the same structure has a neutrino quadruplet, the particle will have a negative charge. Whenever this is the case, there is always an alternate possible structure with a neutrino triplet, but no anti-neutrino triplet.
7)
In the case of the particle, there is a possible structure with a
neutrino triplet, and an anti-neutrino quadruplet. Here, however, the charge is +2, presumably
because the alternate structure has 2 anti-neutrino triplets.
A quadruplet, it seems, takes precedence over a triplet in producing charge.
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Note About Quadruplets:
If the connecting anti-neutrino of the quadruplet interacts with the end of the neutrino triplet to give an internal photon-like neutral particle, that would leave a neutrino pair (which would produce no charge) and an anti-neutrino triplet that would produce a positive charge. If this were true, then the particle even in this normally charge-canceling form would have a positive charge. |
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The ring structure of particles,
which I proposed to explain electric charge on mesons and baryons, may also
explain the strong force. Some particles
that feel the strong force (e.g. meson) decay into particles that don’t feel
the strong force (muon and anti-neutrinos).
The nature of the strong force is that the force between two particles within a parent particle (e.g. a neutron and a proton in a nucleus) increases with distance, until the parent particle disrupts. This is analogous to the ring structures in chemistry. For example, if you apply energy to separate carbon atoms in a benzene molecule, the force between the carbon atoms increases with distance, until the ring disrupts.
Note that the Content of this paper may be freely used so long as credit is given to the author, Brian Stedjee First publication date: September, 2003 meson was assigned a ring structure to account
for its charge, while muons and anti-neutrinos don’t have assigned ring
structures. In fact, all
particles that are given ring structures (to account for charge) feel the
strong force. None of the
particles given non-ring structures feel the strong force.